电催化氧化法处理阳离子染料废水的试验研究

以结晶紫作为阳离子染料,采用电催化氧化法对阳离子染料溶液进行了电解脱色处理试验,研究了电流密度、电解质种类、电解质浓度、pH值等对该溶液脱色率的影响,测定了电解时溶液中生成的余氯浓度和溶液的紫外-可见吸收光谱曲线,并对不同电解时间的溶液的吸光度进行了归一化计算。结果表明:随着电解时间的延长,水溶液中活性氯浓度不断上升,经一定时间后达到最大值;在电催化和活性氯的协同作用下,阳离子染料结晶紫分子中的大π共轭体系被破坏、苯环结构基本瓦解,溶液快速脱色;在电流密度为5.1mA/cm2、NaCl浓度为4g/L、pH值为9.41的条件下,初始浓度为100mg/L的结晶紫溶液经过20min的电解,其脱色率可高达98.31%。     

动高压法合成金刚石技术中的环境和安全问题分析

针对动高压法合成金刚石研究和生产实践中只重视产品的生产制备,而普遍忽视相关的安全和环境问胚的现实,从技术基本原理和工艺过程的主要环节对制备技术可能给社会安全、自然环境和工作人员的身体健康带来的危害进行了比较系统的分析.生产原材料及其反应废料和废气中包含了多种危险化学品或有毒害作用的物质,涉及爆炸品、酸性腐蚀品、氧化剂、有毒气体,如TNT、HClO4、HNO3、H2O2、HF、K2Cr2O7、Cl2、NO等.对它们的具体毒害特性进行了总结,对于相应的治理措施提出了建议.     

Preparation and characterization of boron-doped corn straw biochar: Fe (Ⅱ) removal equilibrium and kinetics

Nowadays, iron ions as a ubiquitous heavy metal pollutant are gradually concerned and the convenient and quick removal of excessive iron ions in groundwater has become a major challenge for the safety of drinking water. In this study, boron-doped biochar (B-BC) was successfully prepared at various preparation conditions with the addition of boric acid. The as-prepared material has a more developed pore structure and a larger specific surface area (up to 897.97 m²/g). A series of characterization results shows that boric acid effectively activates biochar, and boron atoms are successfully doped on biochar. Compared with the ratio of raw materials, the pyrolysis temperature has a greater influence on the amount of boron doping. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of 800B-BC_1:2 at 25 °C, 40 °C, 55 °C are 50.02 mg/g, 95.09 mg/g, 132.78 mg/g, respectively. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model can better describe the adsorption process, the adsorption process is mainly chemical adsorption. Chemical complexation, ions exchange, and co-precipitation may be the main mechanisms for Fe²⁺ removal.     

金刚石膜电极电化学氧化提高废水可生化性的研究

采用掺硼金刚石膜电极(BDD)电化学氧化的方法提高2-氯苯酚废水的可生化性,与钛基钌铱氧化物电极(DSA)进行对比,研究了该方法的机理.结果表明,BDD电极电化学氧化2.0h后,BOD5/CODCr值达到0.42,有效提高了废水的可生化性,而DSA电极电化学氧化2.0h后,BOD5/CODCr值仅为0.24.机理研究表明,由于BDD电极具有高的析氧电位,可产生大量的羟基自由基(×OH),能够使2-氯苯酚的苯环充分开环,形成草酸、顺丁烯二酸等易生化处理的中间产物,从而使可生化性提高;而DSA电极的析氧电位较低,产生羟基自由基的能力较差,不能有效地提高废水的可生化性.     

金刚石膜电极对有机污染物的电催化特性

研究了化学气相沉积法(CVD)制备得到的掺硼金刚石膜电极的物理性质和电化学性能.用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)法表征了金刚石膜的表面微观结构,采用循环伏安法和交流阻抗法研究了电极的电化学性质.结果表明,金刚石薄膜表面形态为复晶结构,颗粒大小均匀,掺硼后使电极具有良好的导电性能.金刚石膜电极具有很宽的电势窗口,在酸性、中性和碱性3种介质中分别为4.3V、4.0V和3.0V.同时,金刚石膜电极的背景电流非常低,为-9×10^-6～5×10^-7A.在铁氰化钾电解液中,金刚石膜电极表面在反应过程中始终保持良好的活性,在表面进行的电化学反应具有良好的准可逆性,其电极动力学主要是受扩散过程所控制.金刚石膜电极对有机污染物的催化氧化作用具有选择性.与铂电极和石墨电极相比,金刚石膜电极对苯酚、硝基苯等芳香化合物的催化氧化强烈,氧化过程较为简单、彻底.这些性质表明金刚石膜电极是一种非常适用于环保处理的新型电极.     

电流密度对BDD电极电化学矿化吲哚的影响与机制

掺硼金刚石膜(BDD)电极电化学氧化法是去除难降解有机污染物的有效手段.与总有机碳(TOC)等的测定相比,气态中间产物的逸出量能够更直观有效地反映有机物的矿化程度与去除效果.本研究以吲哚为代表性污染物,通过对比不同电流密度(10、20和30 m A·cm-2)下BDD电极对吲哚的去除率与矿化率,结合降解过程中碳和氮形态的变化与守恒情况,分析吲哚的降解机制.结果表明,BDD电极对吲哚有良好的去除效果,电流密度为10、20、30 m A·cm-2时,吲哚达到100%去除的时间分别为8、5和4 h;TOC去除率、CO_2产生量均随电流密度的增加而增大,证明矿化率与电流密度成正相关;电解产生的CO_2气体与TOC、无机碳(TIC)构成了碳守恒体系.4~5 h时,体系TOC、TON和CO_2产生量均没有变化,表明电解产生的靛红具有较高的稳定性,此时为中间产物积累阶段;XPS表征进一步证实了中间产物靛红、苯醌等在电极表面的吸附,随着电解时间的延长,这些吸附的中间产物可进一步被降解.本研究从气态产物检测及碳氮形态分析与守恒的角度阐释吲哚矿化过程,对于辅助揭示有机物的电解过程有重要意义.     

金刚石钻进规程的实验室模拟及参数校核

金刚石钻进的钻进规程决定了钻进效率和钻头的使用寿命，也决定了钻进的安全性、可靠性和经济效益。因此，选择最佳的钻进规程尤其重要。本文通过智能微钻实验台对金刚石钻进的模拟钻进参数及其变化曲线、参数值，以及对应的钻进速度、进尺变化曲线、参数值进行分析，得到相应岩石条件下的最优钻进规程。     

Removal of the herbicide amitrole from water by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton

Here we demonstrate that an aqueous solution of the herbicide amitrole can be completely depolluted at pH 3.0 by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton process. Anodic oxidation gives faster degradation with a boron-doped diamond anode than with a Pt anode. Electro-Fenton with a Pt anode and 1 mmol l ^–1 Fe²⁺ as catalyst yields the quickest depollution. Amitrole decay always follows a pseudo first-order reaction. NO₃^– and NH₄⁺ are accumulated in the medium during mineralization, although volatile N-products are also formed. These environmentally friendly electrochemical treatments could be applied to the remediation of wastewaters containing amitrole.     

Electrochemical degradation of the dye indigo carmine at boron-doped diamond anode for wastewaters remediation

Here we demonstrate that anodic oxidation with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode can be applied to the remediation of wastewaters containing indigo carmine. This environmentally friendly method decontaminates completely acid and alkaline aqueous solutions of this dye. The degradation rate increases with increasing current and dye concentration. Indigo carmine is more rapidly removed in alkaline than in acid medium, but its kinetics does not follow a defined reaction order. Isatin 5-sulfonic acid is the main aromatic product formed. Oxalic and oxamic acids are generated as ultimate carboxylic acids. The nitrogen of the dye is converted into NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ⁻.     

掺硼金刚石膜电极电化学氧化双酚A的影响因素及机理研究

采用响应曲面法系统研究了掺硼金刚石(Boron-doped Diamond,BDD)膜电极电化学氧化双酚A (BisphenolA,BPA)的影响因素及含氯副产物的生成。结果表明,电流密度是影响降解速率常数(k)和氯离子消耗量(Δc(Cl-))的最主要因素。以BPA有效降解的同时生成较少量的含氯副产物为标准,通过响应曲面法计算得到的最优反应条件为:对0. 06 mmol/L BPA、40 mmol/L NaCl(pH=8)的溶液,当电流密度为15 mA/cm2时,k为0. 318 min-1,Δc(Cl-)仅为3. 55 mmol/L。BDD电极电解不仅生成了高浓度的高氯酸盐,还生成了1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷、2,3,4,6-四氯苯酚和五氯苯酚等仅在BDD体系中被检测到的含氯有机副产物。综上,经BDD电极电化学氧化处理后尽管整个BPA溶液的毒性明显降低,但还需特别关注反应过程中生成的含氯副产物。